Proposal to De-criminalise Recreational Cannabis Use in Australia

Proposal to De-criminalise Recreational Cannabis Use in Australia In Australia there is a metaphorical ‘war on drugs’ that has failed comprehensively and as a result there is an ever-increasing level of support for the movement for drug reform.[1] There are a plethora of drug offences that relate to cannabis and a variety of statutory doctrines covered by both Commonwealth and State Law which assist in the prosecution of drug offences. The following report includes an overview of drug offences in NSW with a focus on cannabis. As well as an examination of policy issues associated with the criminalisation of recreational cannabis and potential risks and benefits related with alternative legal frameworks, in addition to a recommendation relating to the decriminalisation of cannabis. Drug Offences: The drug offences covered under the Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act 1966 (NSW) (DMTA) include use, possession, supply, trafficking, cultivation and manufacturing of prohibited plants and drugs as well as aiding and abetting and taking part in offences involving prohibited drugs and/or plants. These laws apply to cannabis as the substance is a prohibited drug as specified in Schedule 1 of the DMTA and is a prohibited plant as outlined in s 3. Additionally, cannabis is a poisons and can be found under s 8 of the Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Act 1966 (NSW), cannabis is a Schedule Nine substance and therefore is a substance which may be misused or abused and the manufacture, possession, sale and/or use is prohibited by law’[2] Under s 40 of the DMTA the ‘deemed drug’ provision, makes it an offence to attempt to supply or misrepresent a legal substance as an illicit drug e.g. representing parsley as cannabis. The definition of supply in s 3 makes the offence complete upon making the offer contrary to whether supply eventuates or whether there was an intention to supply is irrelevant. Under s 29 of the DMTA where a person is found to be in possession of a certain amount of a prohibited drug it is assumed that they are a drug trafficker, for cannabis leaf this weight is 300grams and the onus falls on the accused to prove otherwise. Traffickable offences also include possession of prohibited plants (s 23) and supply of prohibited drugs (s 25) as outlined in the DMTA and carry fines of 2,000 penalty units and/or 10 years imprisonment. DMTA prohibits the manufacture, supply, possession and/or use of prohibited drugs including cannabis. There are a variety of drug offences in NSW. As outlined in Pt 2 Div 1 of the DMTA including possession (s 10) and self-administration (s 12) which are summary offences and mean that an individual is liable for a fine of 20 penalty units and/or 2 years imprisonment (s 21).[3] Under s 11 of the DMTA it is an offence to be in possession of equipment for administration of prohibited drugs. The Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Act 1996 (NSW) also assists in the prosecution of drug offences as it regulates, controls and prohibits the supply and use of different categories of drugs of which cannabis is classified as a drug of addiction thus a prohibited substance under Schedule 9 of the Poisons Act. The above-mentioned statutory doctrines must also coincide with the elements of criminal offences mens rea and actus reus before a person is found guilty. Major policy issues Statutory doctrines and court decisions created to assist in the prosecution of drug offences have contributed to the over criminalisation of drug-related behaviours. Drug policy in NSW is increasingly concerned with promoting approaches to minimise health risks and other harms caused by the use of cannabis and other legal and prohibited drugs.[4] There are a number of practical and ethical policy issues that are associated with the criminalisation of cannabis. Many policy issues arise regarding harm minimisation through ‘therapeutic’ criminalisation and harm minimisation. This includes the Cannabis Cautioning Scheme (CCS) which was introduced in 2000 and is a formal cautioning of adult offenders detected for minor offences relating to cannabis. As well as the Medicinal Cannabis Compassionate Use Scheme (MCCUS) which allows police to use their discretion as whether or not to caution terminally ill patients.[5] Other policy issues that arise as a result of criminalisation include a lack of medical supervision inevitably leading to the spread to preventable disease, overdose deaths, adulterated substances, drug related violence, distraction of police resources. ‘Prohibition is counterproductive — it causes significant harms additional to those resulting from drug use’ instead of funding for health and social services funding is diverted to law enforcement, prosecution and incarceration.’[6]   There are concerns as to criminalisation over targeting many low risk offenders such as those dealt with under the CCS.[7] This encroaches on users feelings of personal and financial security as it is often low level offences that are being dealt with pushing users further into poverty.[8] There is a slow movement in Australia to decriminalise cannabis however the CCS is a ‘punishment so disproportionate, because even if you end up having no real penalty you have a charge, the impact on employment opportunities and family can be lifelong.’[9] The purpose of criminalisation is often questioned and policy is concerned as whether there are benefits to criminalisation or whether criminalisation is implemented as it is a highly visible â€Å"solution† to real and perceived harms and risks associated with the recreational use of cannabis.[10] The framework is increasingly utilised as it can be enacted quickly, is visible and is often correlated with a strong government. It is a common opinion that the NSW Government are contradicting their actions and intentions between attempting to criminalise cannabis while minimising the harms associated with drug use which is supported by Tadeh Karapetian’s statement ‘the Government’s objective of minimising harm has been undermined by the criminalisation policy, through the stigmatisation of cannabis users, the preservation of the black market, the limitations of diversion schemes and the restriction of medicinal use.’ [11] Recently, the Court of Criminal Appeal in NSW, extended criminal liability for drug offences, fortunately, the High Court prevented on over reaching prosecution attempts to extend criminal liability in drug offences. In the case of Burns v The Queen the High Court found that unlawfully supplying a drug to someone does not ‘by itself, form the basis for unlawful and dangerous act manslaughter’.[12]   However, if supplying a drug did amount to manslaughter, over criminalisation would occur. As a result, users and suppliers would be more reluctant to call authorities for assistance for fear of being penalised and the criminal justice system would be over-exhausted and burdened as a result.[13]   It is estimated that Australians spend over $7 billion on cannabis annually, this is a concern for the Government as they are losing out on a potential revenue stream by criminalising cannabis use.[14] The National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2013 found that the recent use of cannabis in NSW dropped from 16.7% in 1998 to 9.5% in 2013, this is a concern for policy makers as it cannot be concluded that the ‘data does not support the notion that a criminalisation policy is more effective in preventing cannabis use.’[15] While the current policy criminalises the use of cannabis, policy is gradually de-criminalising cannabis and central to the policy debate is the belief that cannabis is a ‘gateway drug’ that raises concerns as to what other drugs users may be exposed to if cannabis is de-criminalised.[16] Alternative Legal Frameworks A national drug policy has been implemented in Australia since 1985 and accepts that the eradication of illegal drug use is not achievable. Instead it aims to minimise harm by reducing demand and supply.[17]There are multiple different legal frameworks the govern the use and supply of drugs: Depenalisation means drug use and possession carry lighter criminal penalties, whilst drug supply remains a criminal offence.[18] A benefit of this framework is that drug supply is still illegal which may assist in reducing the amount of cannabis that is supplied to users. Another benefit is that users are able to use the drug with a lesser penalty which may deter some users. Conversely, due to the lesser penalty, users may use cannabis rather than a drug that has harsher penalties. This will be detrimental to the government as they will be spending money in order to assist in imposing lighter penalties such as offering drug education and treatment services.[19] Decriminalisation results in drug use and possession no longer carrying criminal penalties but are replaced with civil penalties. Those who use or possess drugs may still be charged especially if fines are not paid or attending assessments are not complied with.[20] The supply of drugs is still a criminal offence. Many politicians are concerned that the decriminalisation of cannabis would ‘send the wrong message.’[21] Additionally, researches have supported this argument, arguing that ‘removing criminal penalties would lead to increased drug use, with harms falling hardest on the deprived communities that are already the most damaged by drug-related problems.’[22] Conversely, research undertaken in Sweden has shown that ‘as a result of decriminalisation, drug use does not increase among existing or new users, but reduces demand on, and the cost of the criminal justice system.[23] There may be reductions in problematic drug use, drug-related HIV and AIDS, deaths and reduced social costs of responding to drugs.[24] However, the way decriminalisation is implemented may affect the extent of net-widening which is an increase in the number of people arrested or charged.[25] Legalisation: the use and supply of cannabis is legal.[26] Approximately one in four Australians (26%) believe that the recreational use of cannabis should be legal.[27] The biggest risk is that supplying the drug is legalised. This makes it difficult to control the risks and harms associated with cannabis. Many people may abuse the legalisation of cannabis and treat it as a â€Å"gateway drug† to harsher and riskier drugs. It may result in reducing black market and criminal networks associated with cannabis drug trading, shift in responses and funding from the police and the criminal justice system towards heath, treatment and education programs. The taxes raised from the legalisation of cannabis could be used for the benefit of the community. By legalising cannabis there may be a significant increase in drug use, based on the harms and costs associated with legal drugs such as alcohol and tobacco. Recommendation It is essential that Governments recognises that they cannot strictly control the behaviour of citizens.[28] In response to the War on Drugs, the government needs to consider ending ‘the criminalization, marginalization and stigmatization of people who use drugs but who do no harm to others’ and ‘Encourage experimentation by governments with models of legal regulation of drugs to undermine the power of organized crime and safeguard the health and security of their citizens.’[29] The civil penalty applicable to minor cannabis offences creates fairness and justice as it is a more proportionate response. As a result, criminal justice resources will be freed up and civil penalties will generate a revenue for the NSW Government. ‘The only way to achieve goals of rational drug policy is to replace black market for drugs with form of legal availability under highly regulated system’, this means that the NSW government should adopt the non-commercial model which is popular in Uruguay, and allows the government to retain control over the production and sale of cannabis.[30] There should be a minimum age purchase such as 21 in the case of Colorado or 18 in Uruguay.[31] The drug should be purchased through pharmacies, with there being a limit on how much can be purchased per month as well as the purity, what forms it can be sold, the training and responsibilities of suppliers, education about the drug and much more.[32] Conclusion As a result of the ineffective ‘war on drugs’, there has been a global movement for drug law reform.[33] Former Victorian police commissioner Ken Lay, has explained that ‘you can’t arrest your way out of this problem’, showing the need for the NSW Government to reconsider the drug policy in regards to the recreational use of cannabis.[34] The key drug offences and major policy issues associated with the recreational use of cannabis is over criminalising and as a result placing strain on law enforcement and users. The government needs to be more concerned with harm minimisation rather than prohibition because ‘drug law enforcement has had little impact on the Australian drug market.’[35] In conclusion, with the application of sensible and reasonably strict criteria the decriminalisation of cannabis for recreational cannabis would benefit the NSW justice system, users and the community. Bibliography A Articles/Books/Reports Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australian Government, Alcohol & other drug treatment services (2018) Caitlin Hughes and Alison Ritter, A Summary of Diversion Programs for Drug and Drug-Related Offenders in Australia (2008) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre Cannabis legalisation: what model for regulation? (7 December 2017) Alcohol and Drug Foundation Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research and Innovation, Review of the Medicinal Cannabis Compassionate Use Scheme (2016) NSW Government Conrad, Chris, Hemp for Health: The Medicinal and Nutritional Uses of Cannabis Sativa (Healing Arts Press, Rochester, 1997) Drug Programs and Initiatives (2018) NSW Government Featherston, James, Simon Lenton, Effects of the Western Australian Cannabis Infringement Notice Scheme on Public Attitudes, Knowledge and Use: Comparison of Pre- and Post-Change Data (2007) National Drug Research Institute Curtin and Curtin University of Technology Hari, Johann, About Drug Policy Australia (2018) Drug Policy Australia Hall, Wayne, Pacula Liccardo, Rosalie, Cannabis Use and Dependence: Public Health and Public Policy (The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 2003) Hughes, Caitlyn, Alex Stevens, ‘What Can We Learn From The Portuguese Decriminalization of Illicit Drugs?’ (21 July 2010) The British Journal of Criminology Gettman, Jon, Top 10 Marijuana Policy Issues For 2018 (2 January 2018) High Times Gotsis, Tom, Chris Angus and Lenny Roth, Illegal Drug Use and Possession: Current Policy and Debates (Briefing Paper No 4, NSW Parliamentary Research Services, 2016) Featherston, James, Simon Lenton, Effects of the Western Australian Cannabis Infringement Notice Scheme on Public Attitudes, Knowledge and Use: Comparison of Pre- and Post-Change Data (2007) National Drug Research Institute Curtin and Curtin University of Technology Lee, Nicole, Alison Ritter, Australia’s Recreational Drug Policies Aren’t Working, so What are the Options for Reform? (2 March 2016) The Conversation Mostyn, Ben, Helen Gibbon and Nicholas Cowdery, The Criminalisation of Drugs and the Search for Alternative Approaches   ‘24(2)’ Criminal Justice State Library New South Wales, Drug Laws in NSW (29 October 2015) http://legalanswers.sl.nsw.gov.au/drugs-and-law-hot-topics/drug-laws-nsw State Library New South Wales, Drug Offences (1 October 2016) Stephen Odgers, Editorial: Drug Law Reform (2014) 38(6) Criminal Law Journal Karapetian, Tadeh, Criminalisation of Cannabis in New South Wales: Is Harm Minimisation Going Up in Smoke? (2017) University of New South Wales Law Journal Student Series 17 B Cases Burns v The Queen [2012] HCA 35 C Legislation Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act 1985 (NSW) Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Act 1966 (NSW) [1] Ben Mostyn, Helen Gibbon and Nicholas Cowdery, The Criminalisation of Drugs and the Search for Alternative Approaches ‘24(2)’ Criminal Justice, 265. [2] Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Act 1966 (NSW) [3] Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act 1985 (NSW) [4] Johann Hari, About Drug Policy Australia (2018) Drug Policy Australia [5] Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research and Innovation, Review of the Medicinal Cannabis Compassionate Use Scheme (2016) NSW Government [6] Mostyn, above n 1, 265. [7] Tadeh Karapetian, Criminalisation of Cannabis in New South Wales: Is Harm Minimisation Going Up in Smoke? (2017) University of New South Wales Law Journal Student Series 17. [8] Ibid. [9]Caitlin Hughes and Alison Ritter, A Summary of Diversion Programs for Drug and Drug-Related Offenders in Australia (2008) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre [10] Tom Gotsis, Chris Angus and Lenny Roth, Illegal Drug Use and Possession: Current Policy and Debates (Briefing Paper No 4, NSW Parliamentary Research Services, 2016) 19. [11] Karapetian, above n 9. [12] Burns v The Queen [2012] HCA 35. [13] Mostyn, above n 7,264 [14] Ibid. [15] Ibid. [16] Wayne Hall, Rosalie Liccardo Pacula, Cannabis Use and Dependence: Public Health and Public Policy (The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 2003) 4. [17]Gotsis, above n 12. [18] Ibid. [19] Ibid. [20] Lee, above n 18, 26. [21] Caitlin Hughes, Alex Stevens, ‘What Can We Learn From The Portuguese Decriminalization of Illicit Drugs?’ (21 July 2010) The British Journal of Criminology ‘50(6)’ [22] Ibid. [23] James Featherston, Simon Lenton, Effects of the Western Australian Cannabis Infringement Notice Scheme on Public Attitudes, Knowledge and Use: Comparison of Pre- and Post-Change Data (2007) National Drug Research Institute Curtin and Curtin University of Technology 50-62. [24] Lee, above n 18, 26. [25] Ibid. [26] Ibid. [27] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australian Government, Alcohol & other drug treatment services (2018) [28] Karapetian, above n, 9. [29] Mostyn, above n 1, 262. [30] Stephen Odgers, Editorial: Drug Law Reform (2014) 38(6) Criminal Law Journal, 335. [31] Ibid. [32] Ibid. [33] Mostyn, above n 1, 269. [34] Lee, above n 18, 26 [35] Ibid.

Jane Austens Emma - Rebel or Conformist? Essay -- Austen Emma Essays

Emma - Rebel or Conformist?    Near the town of Highbury, a village located in the eighteenth century English countryside, sits the estate of Hartfield where Emma Woodhouse resides with her health conscious father who finds fault with all of life's necessities. When Emma's governess and close comrade, Miss Taylor, marries Mr. Weston, an affluent neighbor, and moves to his nearby estate, sociable Emma is forced to find herself a new companion. Harriet Smith, a naive teen who lives at Mrs. Goddard's boarding school, though of a lower class due to her illegitimacy, seems desperately in need of Emma's management and counsel. Sure that she was the cause of the perfect match between Miss Taylor and Mr. Weston, Emma is determined to find an equally exceptional match for Harriet. The young rector, Mr. Elton, seems the perfect candidate for a future husband, and Emma sets out to match her new friend with the young clergyman. The imaginative Emma views Mr. Elton as falling deeply in love with Harriet and greatly encourages Harriet's feelings for him to inflame. When an old friend of Harriet's, Robert Martin, who is equal to her in social status, sends her a marriage proposal, Emma quickly discourages it and helps Harriet write the letter of refusal. Mr. Knightely, Emma's neighbor and close friend is greatly disappointed by this action and tells Emma that Harriet made a formidable mistake in refusing such an offer. Emma does not care for this response for in her eyes Mr. Elton's feelings for Harriet are blossoming beautifully and are quickly being reciprocated. On the eve of a dinner held at the Weston's estate, Harriet comes down with a cold and Emma is disappointed in Mr. Elton's lack of sympathy for the invalid. The sno... ...y were so rigid of structure that a person's respectability was tarnished if they broke one of the standards. Emma Woodhouse tries to defy some of these codes, but finds that it is much easier to live up to the standards society determines. Works Cited and Consulted Austen, Jane. Emma. Ed. Stephen M. Parrish. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1993. Brown, Julia Prewitt. â€Å"Civilization and the Contentment of Emma.† Modern Critical Views: Jane Austen. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 87-108. Johnson, Claudia L. â€Å"’Not at All What a Man Should Be!’: Remaking English Manhood in Emma.† Equivocal Beings: Politics, Gender, and Sentimentality in the 1790s. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1995. 191-203. Litz, A. Walton. "Limits of Freedom: Emma" Emma. 1972. Norton Critical ed. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993, 369-377

Rates of Reaction :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

The rate of reaction is a measure of how fast something happens. We can find the rate of reaction by measuring the change that happens in a set period of time. Introduction ------------ The rate of reaction is a measure of how fast something happens. We can find the rate of reaction by measuring the change that happens in a set period of time. Many factors can affect the rate of reaction; the concentration of the reactants is one of them. In the following experiments we will investigate how the concentration of the reactants affect the rate of reaction. To do this we will use the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. GRAPH I will measure the rate of reaction by timing how long the reaction takes. Aim- I am trying to find out how an increase/decrease in concentration of the acid affects the rate of reaction in magnesium strips. Prediction: I predict that as the concentration of hydrochloric acid increases the time taken for the magnesium to dissolve will decrease. I also think that when the concentration of the acid doubles the rate of reaction will also double. Collision Theory: The collision theory is how the rate of reaction increases when the concentration of hydrochloric acid increases. In the reaction firstly all of the particles in the reacting substances must collide. They must collide with a certain amount of energy called activation energy, this must be reached for the reaction to take place. If the particles do not reach this required amount of energy there will not be any successful collisions and therefore the reaction will not take place. If the particles do reach the required amount of energy a reaction will rake place and as the number of collisions increase the reaction speeds up. The more concentrated the reactants the larger the number of successful collisions between the particles. This explains why the largest rate of reaction is usually as soon as the reactants have been mixed together, this means they are both at their highest concentrations. High concentration Low concentration (18cm ³ HCL + 2cm ³ H ²O) (6cm ³ HCL + 14cm ³ H ²O) The temperature in this investigation will not affect the rate of reaction because throughout the investigation it will stay at room temperature. If the temperature was to change during the experiment it would effect the rate of reaction by speeding it up if the temperature increased because the particles move a lot faster and travel a larger

Free YGB Essay - Innocence vs Reality in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

The story Young Goodman Brown presents two themes; loss of innocence and coping with reality. Loss of Innocence is a major theme of the story and is easily seen. A loss of innocence is when those that do not know something horrible or do not believe in its existence come to an understanding of that horrible thing that forever changes them. The innocents in the story are Goodman Brown and his wife, Faith. Faith, we see is capable of attaining heaven(577), a good place where evil is unknown. Brown is also an innocent as shown by when the devil reveals to him a series of horribles as the two walk through the woods-namely that his grandfather, his mentor, and the preacher have all communed with the devil before (578-580). In the passage, the devil puts it upon himself to rectify this lack of understanding by informing those who had hoped for good, that their very nature is evil. The truth is what Goodman Brown had said before "There is no good on earth; and sin is but a name. Come, devil ! for to thee is this world given(581)."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Coping with reality becomes a major issue after the loss of innocence. Both of our innocents must devise a way of dealing with the new found horribles. The devil, in our passage, suggests : "Evil must be your only happiness." When Brown denies the devil's truth(584), he chooses the alternative. Brown lives out his life an uphappy and distrustful man (584). His wife, once a happy person, due to evidence of the contrary, did not change and lived a happy life. So we can see there were two paths to follow once innocence has been lost-accepantance of the horrible truth which leads to happiness or the constant denial of it and consequent gloom (585).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These two themes point out two very separate beliefs of the sociohistorical period during which Hawthorne wrote. Puritanism had held sway over American thought for many generations prior to Hawthorne. It presented the idea that all men are born sinful due to Original Sin. That understanding was the basis for the loss of innocence theme described earlier. At Hawthorne's time puritanical beliefs were transforming. The new theology emphasized a connection of man to nature. Any truths to be found in nature were right and true. This presented the second theme or question of coping with reality.

Foundations to Human Development

Foundations of Human Development in the Social Environment Michelle Braig BSHS/325 March 18, 2013 Joyce Mink There are three foundations of human development. The foundations are the biological development, psychological development, and social development. The concept of human diversity and cultural competences demonstrates how different people can be. General systems theory and social order are connected in some way. . There are several incidents or situations that can affect a person physically, mentally, socially, and emotionally.Some of the biological aspects include problematic pregnancy, fetal development and prenatal care. Problems can occur right at the time of conception. There are test that can be done to determine if a fetus can have a life altering conditions. There are many factors that can affect the developmental process. Having the knowledge of the developmental milestones can better help the human service professional with helping and understanding their client. The re are guides to give the information needed for each milestone that a child should reach by a certain age (Zastro and Kirst-Ashman, 2010).Understanding the biological development will help a person to understand the physiological dimensions because they work together in understanding the human development. Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. Personality, self-concept, emotion, and cognition are parts of the human psychological development (Zastro and Kirst-Ashman, 2010). They psycho-dynamic theory, Neo-Freudian psychoanalytic theory, phenomenological theory, and feminist theories are some of the theories that may help explain the way personalities are developed.These theories can help the human service professional understand why people are the way they are. These theories can be used as a guideline for getting the information needed for helping out a client. The base for building an adult social personality begins with the social interaction of a child. Socialization is when an individual learns about the environment around him or her. They will learn the language, behavior, customs, and rules. The individual will meet social standards so that he or she can do will in society.Socialization normally begins in childhood. A child’s family is usually where a child can learn most of their socialization skills. Social development is important for an individual to have a personality that is unique to that individual (Zastro and Kirst-Ashman, 2010). Human diversity means that everyone is different in some way. Age, sexual orientations, language, style, religion, physical abilities, height, communication, and gender are just some of the ways that an individual can be different from another.Human diversity is what makes one person different from another (Zastro and Kirst-Ashman, 2010). Cultural competence is where a person is able to adjust to different cultures over a period of time. As helpers we need to be able to help everyone respectfully and effectively. Culture is the integrated pattern of human behavior that includes actions, communications, thoughts, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of a racial, ethnic, religious, or social group.Culture can also include, race, ethnicity, national origin, and migration background; sex, gender, gender identity, or gender expression; sexual orientation and marital or partner status; age and socioeconomic class; religious and political belief or affiliation. People should understand that certain cultures have different ways of expressing themselves. In is considered rude to spit in public without covering your mouth in Japan. In some cultures burping out loud is a way to say that the food was good.It is important for a human service professional to learn about different cultures so that they will not offend their clients or coworkers. The general systems theory proposes to explain why there is an underlying intelligible general order in the world to which all matter relates a nd the existing social order is a subset of the general order (Dale, 2009). A systematic way of thinking helps to understand the individual by understanding the whole person. General systems theory affected the way we think by providing new vocabulary for all different types of people.The general systems theory is a group of ideas based on order and used in a similar way that science is used. The general systems theory is a way to find the understanding of a human as a whole by using the process of elimination to gain knowledge through order. The social order is a part of the way social services is handled today. The social order consists of nine aspects that go order of a hierarchy. These are a part of the general systems theory. The biological, psychological, and social developments are all normal milestones that happen with a person.Most are learned and developed as a child grows into an adult. All three developments work together to help create the individuals. All individuals a re different in some way. It is important to understand cultural differences. The general systems theory and social order both work with some kind of order. Reference * Zastro, C. and Kirst-Ashman, K. 2010 Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment (8th ED. ) * Dale, Human Behavior and the Social Environment: Social Systems Theory (6th ED. ) * http://www. ntocc. org/Portals/0/PDF/Resources/CulturalCompetence. pdf

Course work 3: communication plan Essay

insane asylum It is extremely all-important(a) to understand that companies or so the world decease with the world extraneous their realm in about electrical capacity and these companies in like manner carry at to communicate with forces and sight within the companies as well. Fundamentally, what we atomic number 18 onerous to say here(predicate) is that just the give care concourse companies also want to call d profess to opposite companies and the public at swelled and the substantials want to know what their general erudition is in the minds of the people especially those who are considered their costumer base.A beginning channelize has to be related to what the alliance wants to progress to out of the communicating plan or the blether between the caller and a management(p) s pressholders and other components of the society. This go forth depend on the visual sensation and mission story of the company. For ca social occasion the case in point is the sell system that is intimately to put a unexampled range of clo topic take in intentional by a ace model now the mission statement must be much(prenominal) that it highlights what the company stands for and in very precise talking to readers should clearly know what are the believes of the company.An specimen of a mission statement for the retail store is We deliver high timbre returns for our customers the fruit controversys are voguish and coxa this idealogy gives us the freedom to experiment with futuristic designs and ideas. We assure our customers flair with sense. (MissionStatements. com, n. d. ) The resource of a company like the retail bulletproof is like a dream or a stretched mission which cleverness be achieved or which the company envisages for the future so that it could become a immense company.The vision leads to the mission statement and then we confirm the objectives and goals of the company which are followed by the suppuration of sch eme. The whole plan of how the company will communicate with the outside world begins with the vision and mission statement. Communication in the communion channel World Communication is a way of transmitting subject matters from the projecter to the receiver. In a typical business enterprise setting senders use a particular median(a) to send the message which is ultimately received by the receiver. There is a possibility that the message business leader go through preventative and other disturbances before getting to the last-place destination.In certain cases the communication touch is disturbed by noise because of the medium chosen by the sender. For internal business purposes i. e. within the organziation the people of the firm might use media much(prenominal) as viva or written but the choice depends on a number of important figures such as the length of the message, magnificence and legal signfi potbellyce of the message and other actor such as the trust take between two employees who are communicating. every these and other factors play a particular role in determining which pattern of media will be used. (Gelder, 2005) provided like the process that has been described for internal communication within the organization we see that firms talk to outside stakeholders and members of society as well. The communication with the outside public is more ship canal a reflection of how the firms staff communicate within their own company. This is because the refining of any organization greatly impacts its mind set towards how it will communicate with the outside world. The critical thing here is that firms believe in their way of doing things and so the communication plans are more or less know to be ground on existing values and culture of the company.Therefore if the issues related to communication plans have to be discussed one must look at the way the culture of the organization is organized and how does the company communicate inter nally. retail Organizations and Branding Retail firms are right off involved with costumers unlike manufacturing companies thusly retailers can have a greater impact on how to measure the performance of their advert and other promotional material that are directed at consumers.Branding is a crucial aspect when we talk about a high-end crop line designed by a elevation model. adept of the most common practices in the retail industry is that when exceedinglystars or tiptop models launch return lines designed by them they lam to give their own call in to these yield lines. The advantages to such an approach include bit recognition for the disgrace, people relate to the tickmark just like they relate to the workman or model, consumer base relates all the qualities and traits of the super model to the product lines.For instance if the super model that designed the clothing line is someone like Gisele Bundchen then people will attach traits such as funky, sexy, classy and trendy with the product line. (Keller, Lewi, 2008) such a strategy has been successful for many brands such as JLO (Jennifer Lopezs product line) and in that locationfore we suggest such a strategy for the retail organization as well since we feel that it is important to cross out this topline brand from the other offerings of the company.Some of the problems that might be faced when using such an approach is that the brand might absolve that sense of innovation and style. Even though it is designed by a top model but that does not needfully means that it would be of the highest lumber therefore it is extremely important to maintain the quality of the product because ultimately that would be the decision making factor in repeat purchases or that urge in customers to come covering next season and see the new collection. This product line must be branded based on some distinguishing feature.This is important as it will allot people to know what to expect from the product and what they will get from the product. All great brands have a tendency of rivet on one important factor for example when Google became successful it was only a search engine with no other prominent services similarly Rolex is known for great watches which are for occassions and great moments in ones life because they are special watches (quality, life, style etc) Essentially the point is that the new product line must be identify on the lines of being cool, hip and trendy and absolutely new from all foregoing brands.The product line should be advertise in such a way that it seems as if it is the new cool thing in the clothing and lifestyle industry. Just look at how Levis was make a cultural icon for teenagers in a similar sense this brand should be advertised in a such a way toward lavish and ambitious youngsters that it becomes a part of there daily lifestyle. Before any study advertisment campaign could begin it must be ensured that the target market is identified and the com pany decides whether the upper class or the set class or even twain will be targeted by this product line.Will there be differntiated product lines for both segments? We suggest that should not take place because it will confuse the brand concept the diversification can be done later when the brand name is established with one target market. one time the target market has been decided upon the firm needs to plan the promotional strategy accordingly the pricing strategy should also complement the promotional stand and the distrubution strategy should complete the project in such a way that the target reference receive maximum expousre to the product line.

At I essentially am not in madness Essay

That I essenti all(prenominal)y am non in pallidness, save mad in Craft Consider the enormousness of pretence and acting in village. Do you all in all agree with junctures claim? The stem of a character feigning rage is common in great literary works legion(predicate) a nonher(prenominal) authors mathematical function it to line of battle the sanity of a character. Shakespeare has apply this idea throughout the represent, critical point. In this masterpiece, t present is often debate around the protagonist, juncture, and whether his flakiness was real or feigned literary scholars have debated this for more than than intravenous feeding hundred years.Shakespeare uses a theme of madness in this play to illustrate how one must use deception in company to deceive others to area the lawfulness. Thus, in this play, the tragic hero contemplates his sustain example judgements and in the process is considered mad. juncture claims to feign his madness, as he says to Horatio and Marcellus in proceed 1 painting 5, How strange or odd someer I bear myself- As I accidentally hereafter shall think meet To Put an dupery propensity on. This quote illustrates how Hamlet intends to pretend to be mad in order to reach the truth deep d make this court, which Hamlet describes as, out of joint, which once over again highlights the disordered state of affairs. However, society has an even greater movement on Hamlet because his madness could be a sign of his inability to dress betwixt right and wrong and to make appropriate closings in the context of his society. Towards the opening of the play, in Act 1 characterisation 2, Hamlet says to his mother, Gertrude, Nay it is. I realize not what fronts. Thus, Hamlet is saying he does not what it is to pretend because he sole(prenominal) knows what it is to be. This quotation is dry because it is the crux of the scholarly dispute if Hamlet only knows what it is to be, then his madness must be honor a dequate. In Shakespearian society, it was commonly be hypocrisyved that when an individual told a lie they ended up believing it so strongly that they eventually started to live that lie. In this way, Hamlet is a young man who has suffered a series of ill-fated circumstances that could have propagated a descent into madness. ab initio his attempt to feign madness could be considered as a manner by which he bottom of the inning camouflage his inability to find an stimulated gun to thrust him into a frenzied state of visit his response to the specters revelation is comparatively passive considering the repercussions it will have within the court. Thus, it would collide withm that perhaps his feigning of madness actually manifests itself in reality, as Hamlet struggles to distinguish in the midst of all the lies he is forced to tell and enters the spiralling mendacity within the court.In contrast to Hamlet, Ophelia subsequently develops a accreditedly genuine sanity due to t he death of her father. Throughout the play, Ophelia is manipulated by Shakespeare, as a symbol of innocence because she is not part of the scheming, manipulative court thus, her madness illustrates the effect on the innocent by those manipulating power. Ophelia herself says, I was the more deceived, talking with Hamlet of their love. Her madness may similarly be, to some distri moreoveror point, a product of her awaitingly unanswered love for Hamlet.In Act 3 vista 1, the parted lovers each illustrate their frustrations with the world and their air may be responsible for sending both(prenominal) encourage into madness. Ophelia says, O, what a noble mastermind is here oer propel, which alludes to Hamlets emotional asymmetry that has been poignantly reflected via Shakespeares change from his regular meter for Hamlets preceding tirade. This could be illustrative of a whirlwind within Hamlets mind that causes him to abandon all rhyme and cogitate both rationally and in his expression of his thoughts.His rudeness and the scattered emotions, which he presents before Ophelia may also ply to her later insanity and therefore, Hamlet may tactual sensation some guilt that further enhances his own mental instability. Hamlets claim in Act 3 Scene 4 to his mother, That I basically am not in madness, But mad in Craft, would suggest that Hamlet politic retains his endeavor and motivation and has not started to live his lie. However, it could also be the ramblings of a lost and confused man, caught up in a spiral of emotions.The use of the word foxiness implies Hamlets cunningness in his approach to revenge. He come out of the closets to think he has manipulated himself so that he retains the swiftness hand this can be reinforced by Shakespeares use of a play within a play in Act 3 Scene 2. The concept of a play within a play reinforces the idea of pretence and seeming. Hamlets directions to the players serve to illustrate the subtle remainder acting and b eing. Hamlet feels that the purpose of playing is to form as twere the mirror up to spirit to show virtue her feature. Therefore, acting in Hamlets eyes would be replicating emotions exactly, as though they were real. This is where Shakespeare manipulates the sense of hearing because Hamlets definition of successful playing may, also, therefore, be reflected in his pretence of madness. In order to feign madness, he must reflect nature exactly and it is here where the distinction becomes blurred because Hamlet himself is treading a fine line, as he attempts to mystify a pretence and thus, it becomes increasingly difficult to determine whether or not he is in feature still pretending as the play progresses.Shakespeares choice to make Hamlet conduct his own play is clearly an attempt to demonstrate Hamlets manipulative abilities and to a certain breaker point to still suggests that he has retained his sanity because it allows him to suppose the response of King Claudius before engaging in revenge. Therefore, this would suggest that Hamlet is a sly and somewhat devious character, perhaps as oftentimes so as the rest of the court however, fundamentally, it might advert that he is acting logically and methodically via the dramatic art as his chosen medium.This innate subtly of his function would suggest there is a certain patronage to his revenge that is carefully calculated and thus, it is only his method which may seem extreme and it is not a reflection of his sanity. A defining shot that stimulates much scholarly dispute is Act 3 Scene 4, where the ghost reappears to Hamlet in the presence of his mother. The obtain of the dispute lies in whether on this occasion the ghost is real or simply a myth of Hamlets imagination because it is evident that Gertrude cannot see the ghost, This is the very coinage of your brain.This bodiless creation earnestness Is very cunning in. Shakespeare could here be apply Gertrude as a mouth piece, to lead the hear ing into believing Hamlet is now no long-lived feigning his madness. However, an eventful contrast with Ophelias madness is that she rambles and appears to have no rhyme or reason in the wrangling she pronounces, whereas Hamlet maintains purpose and retains his factors of motivation, such(prenominal) as his resentment towards his mother and women in general.This scene is poignant in leading the audience towards their rendering of Hamlets mental disposition and it is important to recognise that this can also be manipulated by the actors themselves and the way they perform this scene. It is a very emotionally charged scene and the use of dramatics and delegacy stage devices will have a certain influence on how Hamlets madness is perceived. In conclusion, Hamlet is an unbalanced individual thrown into a state of turmoil, as he has had his fears affirm by the appearance of his fathers ghost.However, it would seem that Shakespeare, perhaps intentionally, has left a large degree of the interpretation of Hamlets antic disposition to the audience and to the artistic licence of the actors. Whilst this may not have been Shakespeares intention, as he is noted for his perfectionism and influence on the performances of his plays, it has created a play that is still subject to much literary discussion and bad analysis, in order to settle one of publicationss greatest disputes one that is likely never to be settled.However, by studying the text it seems that Hamlet is feigning his madness throughout the play but his exuberance and authenticity progresses along with the play. It is an insight in a mind filled with a whirlwind of emotions and Hamlets use of a play would appear to simply reflect his preference to use words rather than actions, as can be seen my many of the play on words he uses in his speech. Hamlet himself says that acting must be an dead on target reflection of nature and therefore, Ophelias insanity may have provided inspiration, rather than sendi ng him even further into his own madness.The most influential aspect of the play that has lead to this personal response is the contrast between Hamlet and Ophelias madness. Throughout the play he maintains a high level of thought and emotional complexity and responds to all the actions of those around him, which would suggest that he is not in a world of his own created by insanity. Instead he is continually able to refute allegations of insanity when he wants be listened and adhered to, My meter as yours doth temperately keep time, And makes as cathartic music.It is not madness That I have utterd. Thus, it is difficult to reach a resounding decision on his antic disposition due to Shakespeares accurate portrayal of a complex mesh of emotions however, ultimately, it would seem he desired to reflect the strength for confusion of emotions whilst maintaining the coherency of his tragic hero.Bibliography Hamlet by Shakespeare, edited by Roma Gill, M. A. Cantab. , B. Litt. Oxon. Pu blished by Oxford University Press, 2002. Aniela Baseley 13Fo English Coursework 2005/6.